• The LBD experiences a large scale conformational

  2021-10-21

  

  The LBD experiences a large-scale conformational transition between open and closed states upon agonist binding within the cleft separating the two lobes of the domain. The upper lobe (Lobe 1, also called D1) is connected to the ATD, and the lower lobe (Lobe 2, also called D2) is connected to the TM

• br Conclusion Until recently astrocytes were recognized sole

  2021-10-21

  

  Conclusion Until recently, astrocytes were recognized solely for their maintenance role in the regulation of litter basket homeostasis. Nowadays, this idea has changed, it is clear that these cells play a crucial role in the regulation of neuronal activity and signal transmission. In particular,

• br Materials and Methods br Results br Discussion A model

  2021-10-21

  

  Materials and Methods Results Discussion A model of seizure and excitotoxicity induced by neonatal MSG administration was described recently (19) in which extracellular glutamate increased after the first and second MSG administrations were observed, the greatest increase seen following the

• Epidemiological evidence indicates that neuroinflammation pl

  2021-10-21

  

  Epidemiological evidence indicates that neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of AD (Heneka et al., 2015, Heneka et al., 2013, Holmes et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2016). For example, prolonged treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduces the risk of developing AD (In et

• L Family Leguminosae widely distributed in

  2021-10-21

  

  L. (Family Leguminosae) widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. As a medicinal and edible plant, it is widely used in Asia, especially in China, Korea, Japan and India. It was first recorded in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (神农本草经), and was described having the effect of cleari

• br SMO antagonists pitfalls and limitations The first Hh inh

  2021-10-21

  

  SMO antagonists: pitfalls and limitations The first Hh inhibitor discovered was cyclopamine, a naturally occurring alkaloid isolated from Veratrum californicum[21], which inactivates SMO by directly binding to its hepathelical bundle. Nevertheless, cyclopamine has shown several limitations as a d

• Another key component of proper DA

  2021-10-21

  

  Another key component of proper DA cell physiology is the basal firing activity of SN DA neurons, which maintains extracellular levels of dopamine in the dorsal striatum that are essential for voluntary movement [106]. Changes in SN DA neuron activity directly impacts the amount of dopamine released

• Both preclinical and clinical studies have identified a

  2021-10-21

  

  Both preclinical and clinical studies have identified a distributed set of CNS nuclei that participate in cognitive control of feeding behavior. Preclinical studies that utilize restricted access feeding schedules (RFS) indicate that rodents learn to anticipate delivery of scheduled meals as indicat

• SNL in rats led to upregulated Panx mRNA and

  2021-10-21

  

  SNL in rats led to upregulated Panx1 mRNA and protein level in DRG but not in spinal cord, and immunostaining revealed increased Panx1 in DRG neurons [50]. Although it was not emphasized, Panx1 labeling in SGCs was also increased in this pain model. Intrathecal injection of Panx1 blockers or Panx1-s

• The present data suggest that the decrease

  2021-10-21

  

  The present data suggest that the decrease of liver BAs was mainly due to the decrease of hepatic BAs synthesis because the BA synthetic enzymes Cyp7a1, Cyp7b1 and Cyp8b1 were markedly reduced. The increase may also be due to the increase of hepatic BAs efflux, because the liver BA efflux transporte

• The co crystal structure of

  2021-10-21

  

  The co-crystal structure of GPR40 complexed with TAK-875 provided precise structural information for the rational design of novel GPR40 agonists. The key interactions between the carboxylate with the residues Arg183, Arg258, Tyr91 and Tyr240 of GPR40 were observed. And Trp174ECL2 was oriented nearly

• br Declaration of interest br Acknowledgments br This work w

  2021-10-21

  

  Declaration of interest Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants from the Polish National Science Centre (PRELUDIUM grant no. 2013/11/N/NZ5/00270) and the European Commission FP7 Project Beta-JUDO (grant number 279 153), European Union EIT Health project DeTecT2D, Swedish Diabetes A

• Brain derived neurotrophic factor BDNF is the

  2021-10-21

  

  Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most abundant growth factor in the brain and is critical for neuronal development and synaptic plasticity (Bekinschtein et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2014). Besides playing an important role in mood and cognition, BDNF is also involved in the regulation of

• Classically HIF levels and consequently

  2021-10-21

  

  Classically HIF-α levels and consequently HIF transcriptional activity have been associated with hypoxic conditions. However, some years ago, regulation by hormones of HIF transcriptional activity under normoxic conditions was demonstrated. Different stimuli such as heregulin, IGF1 and insulin, amon

• br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion

  2021-10-21

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Both EMT of the tubular epithelial LEE011 and the activation of fibroblasts are critical factors in the pathogenesis and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. Accumulating evidence implicates EMT in the onset and pathogenesis of renal intersti

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